How ship float on water?



How ship float on water?

 


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Ship Structural Failure Modes

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  Ship Structural Failure Modes Cracks can occur due to fatigue and brittle fracture. Buckling is due to in plane compressive stresses during hogging and sagging of the ships. An Indent occurs during cargo handling. Any dent in the plate due to lateral hitting of the ship by external vessels like tugs is in Indent. Corrosion is one of the main failure modes that presents always in the maritime field. 1.        CRACKS: Most of the cracks that occur in ship are due to fatigue. Fatigue is the failure of a material by cyclic loading. A large number of complicated welded plate joints can be found in an ocean- going ship. During the service time of the vessel these plates are exposed to time-varying loads caused by the irregular seaway, the propulsion system, and changes in the loading conditions. Hard spots, such as connections between longitudinal stiffeners and web frames, where local rises in stress intensity can be found, may therefore be prone to f...
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Finite Element Mesh Quality Parameter

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  Finite Element Mesh Quality Parameter: ·          Aspect Ratio :  The element aspect ratio in a 2D element or a face of a 3D element is the ratio between the longest and shortest element dimensions ·          Skewness: s kewing is defined as the deviation of vertex angles ( 𝛽 ) from 90° for quadrilateral shaped elements, and from 60° for triangularly shaped elements. ·          Warpage: When element nodes are not in the same plane, the element is warped. ·          Max / Min length : Maximum and minimum dimension of the element ·          Max / Min Angle Quadrilateral / Triangular : Individual maximum and minimum angles of the element. ·          Jacobian Ratio - A scale factor to describe the transformation of the coordi...
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Finite Element Analysis Boundary Condition for Simulating Symmetry:

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  Finite Element Analysis Boundary Condition for Simulating Symmetry:   Many structures have one or more planes of symmetry. It is possible to take advantage of this in FEA, and model just one portion of the structure. Through various devices it is possible to analyze structures with a plane of symmetry but subject to non-symmetric loads. Such approaches are used to reduce modelling and computational effort. In engineering applications, the most commonly encountered types of symmetry are reflective symmetry, rotational symmetry and inversion symmetry as shown in Figure In engineering problems the characterization of symmetry requires not only geometrical symmetry, but also symmetry with respect to material properties and restraints. When only part of a symmetric structure is modelled, the symmetric or anti symmetric boundary conditions must be applied at artificial boundaries introduced because of symmetry. If the y-z plane is the plane of symmetry, and Ux, Uy...
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